back to Index
Action Potential Lectures: 4 Parts
RP and AP Papers

back to top
back to Index
RP and AP Papers

The Action Potential 1: Hodgkin & Huxley and the Squid Giant Axon & "Whole Cell" Voltage Clamp.

• Topic Outline (AP1)
• Lecture Notes (AP1)
  
• Squid Axon -- Setup for AP and VC recordings
  
• Early Voltage Clamp Experiments
  
• Action Potential Slides #1 (Powerpoint):

• PAPER: Young (1936) Description of Squid Giant Axon
  
• PAPER: Hodgkin & Huxley (1939) First Action Potential Recording
  
• PAPER: Hodgkin & Huxley (1945) Further details of their 1939 study.
• PAPER: Hodgkin, Huxley, Katz (1952a) Voltage Clamp study -- ion currents during AP.
• PAPER: Hodgkin, Huxley (1952b) Analysis of Na+ and K+ currents during AP.
• PAPER: Hille (1970) Discussion of Hodgkin & Huxley model, demonstration of existance of Na+ and K+ channels (using TEA and TTK to block currents)

  Additional Readings about Hodgkin and Huxley:

  • PAPER: Meunier & Segev (2001) The value and impact of Hodgkin and Huxley's studies today and tomorrow.
    

back to top
back to Index
RP and AP Papers

The Action Potential 2: Voltage Sensitive Ion Channels; Cloning the Na+ and K+ channels.

• Topic Outline (AP2)
• Lecture Notes (AP2)
  
• Action Potential Slides #2 (Powerpoint)

• PAPER: Catterall (1984), State of knowledge of Na+ channel year one was cloned.
  
• PAPER: Noda et al. (1984), Cloning Na+ channel from Electric Fish.
  
• PAPER: Solkoff & Wyman (1981a) Identification of 2 K+ currents in Drosophila flight muscles: DR & A currents.
  
• PAPER: Solkoff & Wyman (1981b) Identification that "Shaker" mutant is a K+ channel (A-current)
  
• PAPER: Timpe et al., (1988) Cloning K+ channel (Shaker) from Drosophila
  
• PAPER: MacKinnon (2003) Structure of K+ channels

  Additional Readings about Na+ channels (focus on diversity):

  • PAPER: Lopreato et al., (2001) Na+ channel evolution and diversity in vertebrates
    
  • PAPER: Catterall et al., (2003) Na+ channel diversity and nomenclature

  Additional Readings about K+ channels (focus on diversity):
  • PAPER: Solkoff et al., (1992) K+ channel diversity, fly and mouse
    
  • PAPER: Jan & Jan (1997) K+ channel diversity, eukaryote & prokaryote
    
  • PAPER: Grigoriev et al., (1997) K+ channels of Jellyfish
    
  • PAPER: Minor (2001) Structure of K+ channels
    
  • PAPER: Brown & Yu (2000) Review of M-current K+ channels -- regulation of AP threshold
    
  • PAPER: Stansfeld et al., (1997) Drosophila-vertebrate M-current channels
    
  • PAPER: Bichet etal (2003) Review of Kir channels -- regulation of resting potential
    
  • PAPER: Miller (2000) K+ channel overview (focus on Drosophila and Nematode
    
  • PAPER: McCormack (2003) K+ channels of fly (Drosophila) and mosquito (Anopheles
    

back to top
back to Index
RP and AP Papers

The Action Potential 3 (outline): Neher and Sakman and Analysis of Single Ion Channels (Patch Clam), and Mutagenic Analysis of Ion Channel Properties

• Topic Outline (AP3)
• Lecture Notes (AP3)
  
• Action Potential Slides #3 (Powerpoint)

• PAPER: Neher & Sakmann (1976), Single ion channel recordings ("patch clamp").
  
• PAPER: Nobel Prize Lecture, Neher (1992), Single channel analysis of ion channels ("patch clamp").
  
• PAPER: Nobel Prize Lecture, Sakmann (1992), Single channel analysis of synaptic currents ("patch clamp").
  
• PAPER: Hoshi et al. (1990) Structural study of self inactivation mechanism (Shaker) (#1)
  
• PAPER: Zagota et al. (1990) Structural study of self inactivation mechanism (Shaker) (#2)
  
• PAPER: Hartmann et al., (1991) Structural study of TEA binding sites in 2 K+ channels
  
• PAPER: Hallem et al., (2004) Characterizing of mosquito odor receptor in transgenic fruit fly
  
• PAPER: Goldin (2003) Multiple mechansims of Na+ channel inactivation.

back to top
back to Index
RP and AP Papers

The Action Potential 4: Ionic Currents and the Propogation of Action Potentials.

• Topic Outline (AP4)
• Lecture Notes (AP4)
  
• Action Potential Slides #4 (Powerpoint)

• PAPER: Segev, 1992, Modeling ion currents in dendrites and action potentials in axons.

back to top
back to Index
back to Resting Potential
back to Action Potential

Resting Potential / Action Potential References

Background Papers: Young, Goldman & Keynes

• PDF Young JZ (1936) The structure of nerve fibres in cephalopods and crustacea. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 121, 319-337. [Discription of giant axon of squid Loligo forbesi.]

• PDF Goldman DE (1943) Potential, impedance, and rectification in membranes. Journal of General Physiology 27, 37-60. [Origin of the Goldman Equation.]

• PDF Keynes RD (1951) The ionic movements during nervous activity. Journal of Physiology 114, 119-150. [Source of permeability values in Goldman Equation. ]

• PDF Keynes RD, Lewis PR (1951) The sodium and potassium content of cephalopod nerve fibres. Journal of Physiology 114, 151-182.

The Action Potential: Na+ and K+ currents: Hodgkin, Huxley, Katz and Hille.


• PDF Hodgkin AL & AF Huxley (1939) Action potentials recorded from inside a nerve fibre. Nature 144, 710-711. [First published record of action potential measured with intracellular electrode.]

• PDF Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1945) Resting and action potentials in single nerve fibres. Journal of Physiology 104, 176-195. [Further details of 1939 study.]

• PDF Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1949) The effect of of sodium ions on the electrical activity of the giant axon of the squid. Journal of Physiology 108, 37-77.

• PDF Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1949) The effect of temperature on the electrical activity of the giant axon of the squid. Journal of Physiology 109, 240-249.

• PDF Huxley AF, Stampfli R (1949) Evidence for saltatory conduction in peripheral myelinated nerve fibres. Journal of Physiology 108, 315-339.

• PDF Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF, Katz B (1952a) Measurement of current-voltage relations in the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo. Journal of Physiology 116, 424-448. [Major Voltage Clamp study of ion currents during AP.]

• PDF Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952b) Currents carried by sodium an potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo. Journal of Physiology 116, 449-472.

• PDF Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952c) The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo. Journal of Physiology 116, 473-496.

• PDF Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952d) The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo. Journal of Physiology 116, 497-506.

• PDF Hille B (1970) Ionic channels in nerve membranes. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 21, 1-32. [Use of TEA and TTX to verify Na+ and K+ currents in AP.]

Cloning and Characterizing Voltage Sensitive Ion Channels (Na+ & K+)


• PDF Catterall WA (1984) The molecular basis of neruonal excitability. Science 223, 653-661. [State of knowledge of Na+ channel year onw was cloned.]

• PDF Noda M, S Shimizu, T Tanabe, T Takai, T Kayano, T Ikeda, H Takahashi, H Nakayama, Y Kanaoka, N Minamino, K Kangawa, H Matsuo, MA Raftery, T Hirose, S Inayama, H Hayashida, T Miyata & S Numa (1984) Primary structure of Electrophorus electricus sodium channel deduced from cDNA sequence. Nature 312, 121-127. [Cloning of a Na+ channel.]

• Kaplan WD & WE Trout (1969) The behavior of four neurological mutants of Drosophila. Genetics 61, 399-409. [Identification of the Shaker mutant.]

• Trout WE & WD Kaplan (1973) Genetic manipulations of motor output in Shaker mutants of Drosophila. Journal of Neurobiology 4, 495-512.

• PDF Slakoff L & R Wyman (1981) Outward currents in developing Drosophila flight muscle. Science 212, 461-463. [Differential expression of K-DR and K-A currents in developing flight muscle.]

• PDF Salkoff L & R Wyman (1981) Genetic modification of potassium channels in Drosophila Shaker mutants. Nature 293, 228-230. [Identification that Shaker is a K-A channel mutant.]

• Salkoff LB & RJ Wyman (1983) Ion currents in Drosophila flight muscles. Journal of Physiology 337, 687-709.

• Schwarz TL, BL Tempel, DM Papazian, YN Jan & LY Jan (1988a) Multiple potassium channel components are produced by alternative splicing at the Shaker locus in Drosophila. Nature 331, 137-142. [Cloning of a Shaker K+ channel.]

• PDF Timpe LC, TL Schwarz, BL Tempel, DM Papazian, Y Nung & LY Jan (1988b) Expression of functional potassium channels from Shaker cDNA in Xenopus oocytes. Nature 331, 143-145. [Express and compare currents of two expressed alt. spliced clones.]

• PDF MacKinnon R (2003) Potassium channels (minireview). FEBS Letters 555, 62-65. [3D structure of K+ channel.]

• PDF Bichet D, Haass FA, Jan LY (2003) Merging functional studies with structures of inward-rectifier K+ channels. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4, 957-967. [ function ? 3D structure K+ channels]

• ABSTRACT Jentsch TJ & Gunther W (1997) Chloride channels: an emerging molecular picture. BioEssays 19, 117-126. [Review of voltage sensitive Cl- channels.]

Na+ Channel Diversity


• PDF Lopreato GF, Lu Y, Southwell A, Atkinson NS, Hillis DM, Wilcox TP, Zakon HH (2001) Evolution and divergence of sodium channel genes in vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98, 7588-7592.

• PDF Catterall WA, Goldin AL, Waxman SG (2003)Compendium of voltage-gated ion channels: Sodium Channels. Pharmacological Reviews 55, 575-578.

K+ Channel Diversity


• PDF Jan LY & Jan YN. (1997) Cloned potassium channels from eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Annual Review of Neuroscience 20, 91-123. [ includes K+ leakage channels Kir]

• PDF Grigoriev NG, Spafford JD, Gallin WJ, Spencer AN. (1997) Voltage sensing in jellyfish Shaker K+ channels. Journal of Experimental Biology 200, 2919-2926. [K+ channels in jellyfish]

• Schwarz TL, BL Tempel, DM Papazian, YN Jan & LY Jan (1988) Multiple potassium-channel components are produced by alternative splicing at the Shaker locus in Drosophila. Nature 331, 137-142. [K+ channel genes alternatively spliced in flies, less so in vertebrates]

• PDF Salkoff L, K Baker, A Butler, M Covarrumias, MD Pak & A Wei (1992) An essential 'set' of K+ channels conserved in flies, mice and humans. Trends in Neuroscience 15, 161-166. [Comparison of genes between divergent animals]

• Pongs O (1992) Structural basis of voltage-gated K+ channel pharmacology. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 13, 359-365.

• Wei A, Jegla T, Salkoff L (1996) Eight potassium channel families evealed by the C. elegans genome project. Neurophamacology 35, 805-829. [K+ channel gene family in a divergent phylum (basal protostome)]

• PDF Stansfeld C, Ludwig J, Roeper J, Weseloh R, Brown D, Pongs O (1997) A physiological role for either-a-go-go K+ channels? Trends in Neuroscience 20, 13-14. [ M-current channels ? modulating thresholds]

• PDF Miller C (2000) An overview of the potassium channel family. Genome Biology 1(4):reviews0004.1?0004.5

• PDF Brown BS, Yu SP (2000) Modulation and genetic identification of the M channel. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 73, 135-166. [ M-current channels ? modulating thresholds]

• PDF Minor Jr. DL (2001) Potassium channels: life in the post-structural world. Current Opinion in Stuctural Biology 11, 408-414. [ 3D K+ channel structure]

• PDF Bichet D, Haass FA, Jan LY (2003) Merging functional studies with structures of inward-rectifier K+ channels. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4, 957-967. [ function - 3D structure K+ channel]

• PDF McCormack TJ (2003) Comparison of K+ channel genes within the genomes of Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster. Genome Biology 4, R58 [K+ channel divergence between two closely related species: fly and mosquito (both Diptera)]

Case Studies: Biophysical and Molecular Biological Studies of Ion Channels (and an odorant receptor) ? Methodologies.


• PDF Neher E & B Sakmann (1976) Single-channel currents recorded from membrane of denervated frog muscle fibres. Nature 260, 799-802. [Development of Patch Clamp technique ? recording single ion channel events]

• PDF Hoshi T, WN Zagotta & RW Aldrich (1990) Biophysical and molecular mechanisms of Shaker potassium channel inactivation. Science 250, 533-538. [PART 1: Mutagenic analysis of inactivation mechanism ? single chanels and frog oocytes]

• PDF Zagotta WN, T Hoshi & RW Aldrich (1990) Restoration of inactivation in mutants of Shaker potassium channels by a peptide derived from ShB. Science 250, 568-571. [PART 2: Mutagenic analysis of inactivation mechanism ? single chanels and frog oocytes]

• PDF Hartmann HA, GE Kirsch, JA Drewe, M Taglialatela, RH Joho, AM Brown (1991) Exchange of conduction pathways between two related K+ channels. Science 251, 942-944. [Mutagenic/chimeric study of TEA binding site in K+ channel]

• PDF Hallem EA, Fox AN, Zweiebel LJ, Carlson JR (2004) Mostuito receptor for human-sweat odorant. Nature 427, 212-213. [Expressing neuronal gene in alternative species to test function]

Reviews of Biophysics Ion Channels


• PDF Hille B (1970) Ionic channels in nerve membranes. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 21, 1-32. [Review of ion channels circa 1970 - insightful]

• PDF Neher E (1992) Ion channels for communication between and within cells. Neuron 8, 605. [Nobel Prize Lecture]

• PDF Sakmann B (1992) Elementary steps in synaptic transmission refvealed by current through single ion channels. Neuron 8, 613. [Nobel Prize Lecture]

• PDF Goldin AL (2003) Mechanisms of sodium channel inactivation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 13, 284-290.

Modeling Ionic Currents, Propogation of Action Potentials


• PDF Segev I (1992) Single neuron models: oversimple, complex and reduced. Trends in Neuroscience 15, 414-421. [Computational Neuroscience ? modeling dendrites and axons]