Outline: Introduction to Animal Structure and Function, Chapter 40

I. Diversity of Form and Structure: Cell, Tissue and Organ.

II. Homeostasis: autoregulation.

Lecture Notes: Animal Structure and Function, Chapter 40

O. Overview of comming lectures

A. Exam 2 : Body Units (Physiology) (fig 40.10, p. 788)

1. Digestion (food breakdown and nutrient uptake)
2. Circulation (blood system)
3. Respiration (oxygen uptake, transport and delivery)
4. Excretion (kidneys)
5. Immune system (body defenses)

B. Exam 3 : Regulation / Dynamics

1. Endocrine system (hormones)
2. Reproduction and Development
3. Nervous system (behavior)

I. Organization of Animal Body: Tissues : Organs : Organ Systems

A. Four Tissue Types - similar cells performing specific functions

Epithelial : Connective : Muscle : Nerve

1. Epithelial


a. body covering, line body cavities (Fig. 40.1)

- squamous / cuboidal / columnar
- simple (single layer) / stratified (multiple layers)

b. glands: (Fig. 44.9, p. 874)

- cells secrete products to extracellular space
- cells often organized into a "pocket"


exocrine	empty outside of body e.g. sweat glands, digestive secretions
endocrine	empty inside of body e.g. pituitary hormones, steroids

2. Connective


a. collagen: extracellular matrix, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
b. bone: osteocytes
c. blood and lymph
d. fat cells, adipose tissue

3. Muscle: (chapter 49)

a. contractile: actin, myosin,
b. electrically excitable - action potentials
c. several types: skeletal/striated, smooth, cardiac

4. Nerve tissue (chapter 48/49)

a. neurons, cell body, dendrites, axons / glial cells
b. electrically excitable - action potentials
c. coordinate behavior: synapses

B. Organ	two or more interacting tissue types (e.g. skin)
C. Organ System	two or more interacting organs (Table 40.1)

II. Homeostasis:

A. Maintain constancy of the internal environment

1. e.g., enzymes are pH and temperature sensitive

metabolic pathways would fail if pH and temp. vary

2. e.g., water and salt balance: kidney function

B. Effect controlled change of the internal environment.

1. e.g., raise body temperature (fever) during infection.
2. e.g., reproduction physiology

C. Negative Feedback

1. activity of a system is self inhibiting

like auxin - cytokinin interactions regulating branch-root dev.

2. Stabilizing / self limiting

D. Positive Feedback.

1. Activity of a system is self stimulating.
2. Reinforcing but unstable.
3. Rare - ovulatory cycle maturing and releasing egg for fertilization

E. Mechanisms:

1. Endocrine System: hormones
2. Nervous system

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Vocabulary:

abiotic evolution biotic evolution selection selective pressure prokaryote eukaryote chloroplasts autotrophic heterotrophic pre-Cambrian post-Cambrian Porifera Cnideria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Nemertea Rotifera Nematoda Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Echinodermata Chordata Rotifers round worms sponges jellyfish comb jellies

ribbon worms clams snails octopus squid segmented worms insects spiders crabs flat worms starfish sea urchins sand dollars vertebrates mammals fish birds reptiles   homeostasis negative feedback positive feedback organ systems organs tissues epithelial tissues glands exocrine glands endocrine glands

connective tissues collagen dermis tendons ligaments cartilage bone osteocytes Haversian Systems blood lymph fat cells adipose tissue muscle actin myosin skeletal muscle striated muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle nerve tissue neurons dendrites cell body axon synaptic terminals synapse(s) glial cells epidermis hair follicles sebaceous glands