Outline: The Structure of Land Plants, Chpt 31, Bio 102 (Vogt)

A. Plant Cell
B. Gross Organization:

1. Root, Shoot and Leaf
2. Vasular System
3. Site of Photosynthesis

II. Cell and Tissue Types

A. Three basic tissue types (structural): dermal, vascular and ground
B. Anatomy of shoot, root and leaf

A. Meristem Tissue - Cambium
B. Apical Meristem -- Root tip
C. Apical Meristem -- Shoot tip
D. Lateral Meristem -- bark

Lecture Notes: The Structure of Land Plants, Chpt 31

I. Plant Structure

A. Plant Cell: differences from animal cell... (7.28, p.135)

1. cell wall: cellulose, lignin in some for strength (5.7, p.68, 5.8 p.69, 34.16, p.744)
2. cell vacuole: hydrostatic (32.4, p.696)
3. chloroplasts: in location-specific cells (10.2, p.184)

B. Gross Organization:

1. Root, Shoot and Leaf (31.4, p.671)
2. Vasular System -- xylem and phloem

a. xylem
b. phloem

3. Sites of Photosynthesis - surfaces, stems and leaves (31.19, p. 685)
4. Environmental Adaptations - (> 200,000 different species)

shapes to fit the situation

leaf shape, branch pattern, size, vine vs. free standing, etc.

fixed and adjustable

plants can have dramatically different forms
habitat dependent

II. Plant Tissues and Cell Types: the players...

A. Three basic tissue types (structural): dermal, vascular and ground

(fig. 31.12, p. 679)

1. Dermal: epidermis and endodermis / cuticle / periderm / cork
2. Ground tissue:

Parenchyma: thin walled, diverse functions (PS, storage, etc.)
Collenchyma: support, herbaceous plants / celery
Sclerenchyma: support, lignin; fibrous hemp/jute

3. Vascular Tissue: tubes

Xylem:

i. dead cells : tracheids, vessel elements (31.11, p.678)
ii. water and minerals from roots to leaves
iii. evaporation (transpiration) and H2O cohesion

Phloem:

i. live cells : sieve tube member, companion cells (31.10, p.677)
ii. sugar, nutrient, hormone transport witnin plant
iii. metabolically driven osmosis (PS driven)

B. Anatomy of shoot, root and leaf

1. Shoot cross section (31.18, p. 684) Reaching for the Light

a. Epidermis - waxy cuticle
b. Cortex - Collenchyma, Parenchyma, Sclerenchyma
c. Vascular Tissue - Ring (in Monocots - distributed throughout)

i. Xylem
ii. Phloem
iii. Vascular Cambium
- undifferentiated

- xylem, phloem, branch apical meristem

4. Pith
5. Annual growth

a. secondary phloem and xylem
b. cork cambium

- cork
- bark - vascular cambium outward

2. Root cross section (31.14, p.681, 31.15, p.682)

Anchorage, Absorption and Storage
a. Epidermis - root hairs
b. Cortex
c. Endodermis - pericycle - Casparian strip
d. Vascular Column - central core

i. Xylem
ii. Phloem
iii.Vascular Cambium - undifferentiated

xylem, phloem, secondary root apical meristem

3. Leaf disection (31.19, p. 685)
optimized for gas exchange, PS (CO2 limiting - need for transpiration

a. epidermis -

i. waxy cuticle
ii. stoma / guard cells

- open daylight, closed dark, closed under water stress

b. mesophyll - very airy

i. palisade layer - chloroplasts
ii. spongy layer - chloroplasts

c. vascular bundles

i. xylem & phloem
ii. bundle sheath cells


III. Plant Growth

A. Meristem Tissue - Cambium

1. Growth from specialized centers undifferentiated cells (cambium)
2. localized cell division (meristem).
2. Sites of cell division restricted to:

a. shoot and root tip (primary growth): apical
b. stem (secondary growth): lateral

B. Root Tip Apical Meristem (31.14, p. 681)

1. Growth tips, root cap, apical meristem
2. zone of elongation
3. zone of maturation

C. Shoot Tip Apical Meristem (31.20, p. 686; 31.17, p.683)

1. Growth Tips

a. Terminal Buds
b. apical meristem

2. Axillary Bud

D. Lateral Meristem -- stem diameter (31.18, p.684, 31.22, p.687)

1. cambium cells divide, differentiate to xylem or phloem
2. assymetric differentiation
3. bark: sloughing phloem

E. Monocots and Dicots: one vs. two cotyledons (embryonic leaves)

1. Monocots: grasses, irises, lilies

a. parallel leaf veins
b. growth from base of leaf, tip of root

2. Dicots: all others,

a. networked veins in leaves
b. growth from stem and root tips


Vocabulary

angiosperm
gymnosperm
moncot
dicot
cotyledon
shoot
root
flower
branch
stem
leaf
node
internode
lateral bud
transpiration
photosynthesis (carb. fix.)
respiration (glycolysis)
chlorophyll
chloroplast
mitochondria
differentiation
differentiated cells
undifferentiated cells
apical meristem
lateral meristem
cambium
cell wall
cellulose
lignin
cell vacuole
ROOT SYSTEM:
primary root
taproot system
branch root
root cap
apical meristem
cortex
root hair
epidermis
endodermis
pericycle
Casparian strip
vascular cylinder
xylem
phloem
cambium
lateral meristem
TISSUE SYSTEM:
dermal tissue
epidermis
endodermis
waxy cuticle
periderm
cork cells
ground tissue
parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
lignin
vascular tissue
xylem
tracheid
vessel elements
phloem
sieve tubes
sieve plates
companion cell
STEM SYSTEM:
stems
leaf primordia
lateral buds
nodes
internodes
stoma
stomata
apical meristem
cortex
pith
vascular cambium
primary phloem
secondary phloem
primary xylem
secondary xylem
cork cambium
cork
bark
annual rings
LEAF SYSTEM:
blade
petiole
upper epidermis
lower epidermis
mesophyll
palisade cells
spongy parenchyma
vascular bundle
veins
bundle-sheath cells
stoma
stomata
guard cell
chloroplasts