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abiotic evolution biotic evolution selection selective pressure prokaryote eukaryote chloroplasts autotrophic heterotrophic pre-Cambrian post-Cambrian Porifera Cnideria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Nemertea Rotifera Nematoda Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Echinodermata Chordata Rotifers round worms sponges jellyfish comb jellies |
ribbon worms clams snails octopus squid segmented worms insects spiders crabs flat worms starfish sea urchins sand dollars vertebrates mammals fish birds reptiles homeostasis negative feedback positive feedback organ systems organs tissues epithelial tissues glands exocrine glands endocrine glands |
connective tissues collagen dermis tendons ligaments cartilage bone osteocytes Haversian Systems blood lymph fat cells adipose tissue muscle actin myosin skeletal muscle striated muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle nerve tissue neurons dendrites cell body axon synaptic terminals synapse(s) glial cells epidermis hair follicles sebaceous glands |
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carbohydrates starch sugar lipids fatty acids phospholipids cholesterol essential amino acids vitamins enzyme cofactors DIVERSITY food vacuole lysozome intracellular digestion extracelular digestion pharynx esophogus crop gizzard ruminant cellulase MAMMALIAN/HUMAN mouth amylase saliva |
esophogus peristalsis stomach gastric juice hydrochloric acid pepsin pepsinogen (zymogen) mucus chyme pyloric sphincter small intestine duodenum jejunum ileum lumen villi / microvilli Liver Gall Bladder Pancrease ENZYMES: Zymogens Trypsin Chymotrypsin, Aminopeptidase, Carboxypeptidase |
Nucleases Bile Salts Lipases Disaccharidases dipeptidases nucleotidases nucleosidases Fat uptake micelles chylomicrons Golgi vesicles lymph large intestine colon rectum selective absorption HORMONES gastrin secretin cholecystokinin (CCK) Enterogastrone |
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Circulatory systems fluid / blood channel / vessel pump / heart open / closed hemocoel PUMP - HEART atrium / atria ventricle / ventricles pulmonary circulation systemic circulation heart circulation (bypasses) superior vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta atrioventricular valves tricuspid valve bicuspid valve semilunar valve cardiac cycle systole diastole cardiac muscle electrically active action potential |
pacemaker sinoatrial (SA) node atrioventricular (AV) node fibrillation FLUID - BLOOD Plasma Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) hemoglobin erythropoietin (hormone) blood type white blood cells neutrophils eosinophil basophil monocyte lymphocyte macrophage platelet megakaryocytes thrombin VESSELS arteries arterioles capillaries veinules veins precapillary sphincters |
Lymphatic System lymph nodes thymus spleen circulatory system Gas Exchange Counter current Exchange book lung gills trachea arteries lung pharynx larynx vocal cords trachea bronchi bronchus bronchioles alveoli alveolus diaphragm pleural membranes inhalation exhalation hemoglobin pH dependence of O2 binding to hemoglobin bicarbonate buffer system carbonic anhydrase carbonic acid bicarbonate ion fetal hemoglobin myoglobin hemocyanin respiratory center (brain) CO2 detection |
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sweat glands sebaceous glands antibiotics lactic acid RNase Mucus antibacterial enzymes phagocytic cells macrophage white blood cells (WBCs) Natural Killer Cells inflammation histamine pyrogens phagocytic attractants interferon |
thermostat set point hypothalamus antibody immunoglobulin IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD heavy chain light chain constant region variable region complement antigen epitope T-cell receptors |
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) recognition of self humeral immunity cell-mediated immunity clonal selection agglutination virgin B cell memory B cell plasma cell helper T cell cytotoxic T cell suppresser T cell |
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KIDNEY Renal Artery Renal Vein Renal Pelvis Cortex Medulla Nephron Glomerulus Podocytes Bowman's Capsule Proximal Tubule |
Loop of Henle Distal Tubule Collecting Duct Ureter Bladder Urethra Urine counter current exchange osmolarity molarity |
diffusion gradient osmosis filtration / filtrate Selective Resorption Selective Secretion active transport facilitated diffusion ammonia / ammonium ion urea uric acid |