History of Life on Earth, Chapter 24
prokaryote eukaryote stromatolite Natural Selection Phylogeny Taxonomy Systematics lineage by descent Bacteria Archaea Eucarya prokaryote eukaryote |
organelle nucleus gene chromosome DNA / RNA mitochondria ribosome monophyletic prebiotic soup reducing atmosphere polymer photosynthesis catalysis oxidation / reduction / dehydration |
self replication heredity rybozyme autocatalytic genotype / phenotype protobiont liposome coacervate amino acid, peptide, protein nucleotide, nucleic acid autotrophic heterotrophic Charles Darwin A.I. Oparin J.B.S. Haldane Stanley Miller Howard Urey |
Prokaryotes, Chapter 25 (Knapp)
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Monara = Prokaryotes small size binary fission Cell Wall peptidoglycans binary fission conjugation movement: flagella sub-cell wall filaments gliding motion |
phototaxis chemotaxis (smell) genophore plasmids Transformation Conjugation Transduction antibiotic resistance Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs Photheterotrophs Chemoheterotrophs |
saprobes parasites obligate aerobes facultative anaerobes obligate anaerobes ATP Photosynthesis light absorbing pigments Bacteriorhodopsin |
Eukaryotes, Chapter 26 (Knapp)
Metabolic Diversity cell size internal organization of membranes cytoskelatal proteins genome complexity DNA structure mitosis meiosis multicellular organisms organelles mitochondria chloroplasts nucleus endomembranes |
Endosymbiont Theory aerobic eubacterium (mitochondria) cyanobacterium (chloroplasts) Nucleus nuclear pore complexes nuclear membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) vesicular system ribosomes lysosomes Golgi Complex secretion lysosomes |
Cytoskeleton microfilaments intermediate sized filaments motility flagella cilia Multicellularity Protista plant-like (algae) animal-like (protozoans) fungal-like |
Plant Diversity, Chapter 27
chemical evolution abiotic evolution biotic evolution photosynthesis: atmospheric shift from reducing to O2 carbon fixation cell prokaryote eukaryote cell membrane skeleton cytoskelaton cell wall intracellular extracellular DNA RNA protein sugars metabolic pathway nucleus |
organelles mitochondria chloroplast endosymbiont theory compartmentalization secretion golgi ribosomes life cycle meiosis mitosis diploid haploid 2N / N gamete sperm egg zygote spore sporophyte gametophyte alternation of generations |
fertilization sporophyte dominance antheridium archegonium moss fern gymnosperm angiosperm conifer embryo terrestrial adaptation vascular system meiosis mitosis germ line tissue somatic tissue chromosomes chromatids homologous analagous cross over |
Plant Structure, Chapter 31
angiosperm gymnosperm moncot dicot cotyledon shoot root flower branch stem leaf node internode lateral bud transpiration photosynthesis (carb. fix.) respiration (glycolysis) chlorophyll chloroplast mitochondria differentiation differentiated cells undifferentiated cells apical meristem lateral meristem cambium cell wall cellulose lignin cell vacuole ROOT SYSTEM: primary root taproot system branch root |
root cap apical meristem cortex root hair epidermis endodermis pericycle Casparian strip vascular cylinder xylem phloem cambium lateral meristem TISSUE SYSTEM: dermal tissue epidermis endodermis waxy cuticle periderm cork cells ground tissue parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma lignin vascular tissue xylem tracheid vessel elements phloem sieve tubes sieve plates companion cell STEM SYSTEM: |
stems leaf primordia lateral buds nodes internodes stoma stomata apical meristem cortex pith vascular cambium primary phloem secondary phloem primary xylem secondary xylem cork cambium cork bark annual rings LEAF SYSTEM: blade petiole upper epidermis lower epidermis mesophyll palisade cells spongy parenchyma vascular bundle veins bundle-sheath cells stoma stomata guard cell chloroplasts |
Transport and Nutrition in Plants, Chapters 32,33
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membrane potential (voltage) proton pump K+ gradient cotransport membrane proteins transport proteins carrier proteins channel proteins osmosis turgor pressure root hair cell cytoplasmic continuum cell wall continuum plasmodesma symplast absorptive surface endodermal cell Casparin Strip Xylem tubes Cohesion - Tension Theory hydrogen bonding |
transpiration evaporation water tension surface area stomata guard cells extracellular space stoma / stomata guard cells hormone regulated abscisic acid vascular bundle phloem companion cells sieve tube sucrose gradients sucrose loading pressure gradient [sucrose]tissue > [sucrose]sieve tube sucrose gradient bulk fluid flow |
Plant Reproduction, Chapter 34
FLOWER PARTS |
MALE GAMETOPHYTE pollen sacs microspore mother cell microspores pollen grain sperm cells tube cell FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE carpel ovary ovule megaspore mother cell integument megaspores egg cell polar nuclei pollination fertilization germination |
double fertilization primary endosperm cell endosperm - triploid zygote - embryo integument - seed coat ovary - fruit flesh shoot tip hypocotyl cotyledons epicotyl root tip asexual sexual parthenogenesis hermaphroditic somatic cell germ cell |
Plant Control Systems (Hormones), Chapter 35
Dormancy germination Coleoptile phototropism gravitropism hormone auxin |
gibberellin cytokinin abscisic acid ethylene florigen Brassinolide apical dominance |
biological clock phytochrome senescence statolith abscission layer freeze tolerant draught tolerant |