Neurobiology Lectures:   Behavior

BEHAVIOR AND NEUROPLASTICITY -- INDEX
"Simple" Model Systems examining Central Pattern Generators and their Modulation; Learning and Memory

Introduction: Simple Systems & CPGs Pleurobranchaea: swallow v. vomit Tritonia escape swimming Clione molluscan flight Walking Octopus remarkable videos of 2 octopus species walking on two legs (NPR 3/24/05)

Stomatogastric condensed CPGs Locust arthropod flight Lamprey vertebrate swimming Learning & Memory plasticity, Aplysia, hippocampus

Introduction to Behavior

• WEB RESOURCE: Behavioral Control Systems, Scott Currie's course at UC Riverside
  

• PDF Wilson DM (1961) The central nervous control of flight in a locust. Journal of Experimental Biology 38, 471-490.
  [significant demonstration of the existance of Central Pattern Generators]
  
• EXPLANITORY NOTES

• PDF Krasne FB, Kandel ER, Truman JW (1979) Simple Systems Revisited Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin 17, 529-538.
  [Working Paper on Simple Systems and Behavior; Historical Context for Behavioral Studies at the Cellular Level]

• PDF Willows AOD (1967) Behavioral acts elicited by stimulation of single, identifiable brain cells. Science 157, 570-574.
  [Excellent overview of cellular study in behavior.]
• EXPLANITORY NOTES

• PDF Bulloch AGM, Syed NI (1992) Reconstruction of neuronal networks in culture. Trends in Neuroscience 15, 422-427.
  [Behavior in Cell Culture ? CPG in a dish.]

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Pleurobranchaea: vomiting and swallowing. one CPG, multiple FAPs modulation of a CPG: Pleurobranchaea californica Gastropod Mollusc (Opistobranchia) Order: Notaspidea    Family: Pleurobranchidae

Pleurobranchaea: vomiting and swallowing, modulation of a CPG:

• MOVIES: Swallowing by Tritonia diomedia (from Mark Cooper, University of Washington)
  
  • Tritonia Eating a Seapen #1
  • Tritonia Eating a Seapen #2
• Cyber Pleurobranchaea including video of feeding behavior.
  • CyberSlug Web Site
    
  • MOVIE: Pleurobrancheae trying to eat another mollusc (nudibranch Flabellina iodinia but running away.

  PAPERS:

  • PDF McClellan, AD (1982) Movements and motor patterns of the buccal mass of Pleurobranchaea during feeding, regurgitation and rejection. Journal of Experimental Biology 98, 195-211. [This and the following are elegant studies demonstrating modulation of a CPG to diverse outputs (i.e. swallowing v. vomiting)]

  • PDF McClellan, AD (1982) Re-examination of presumed feeding motor activity in the isolated nervous system of Pleurobranchaea. Journal of Experimental Biology 98, 213-228.

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Tritonia: behavior cell by cell swimming and escape response Tritonia diomedia Gastropod Mollusc (Opistobranchia) Order: Nudibranchia    Family: Tritoniidae

• PDF Willows AOD (1967) Behavioral acts elicited by stimulation of single, identifiable brain cells. Science 157, 570-574. [An elegant dissection of behavior, neuron by neuron. This is followed up in 1973 with 4 papers detailing Dr. Willows PhD Dissertation. Dr. Willows is the Director of the Friday Harbor Laboratories in Washington state, one of the premier research and educational marine biology laboratories in the world.]

• PDF Willows AOD, Hoyle G (1969) Neuronal network triggering a fixed action pattern. Science 166, 1549-1551. [An analysis of escape swimming behavior, with a focus on the neurons that trigger this response.]

• PDF Willows AOD, DA Dorsett & G Hoyle (1973) The neuronal basis of behavior in Tritonia. I. Functional organization of the central nervous system. Journal of Neurobiology 4, 207-237.

• PDF Hoyle G & AOD Willows (1973) Neuronal basis of behavior in Tritonia. II. Relationship of muscular contraction to nerve impulse pattern. Journal of Neurobiology 4, 239-254.

• PDF Willows AOD, DA Dorsett & G Hoyle (1973) The neuronal basis of behavior in Tritonia. III. Neuronal mechanism of a fixed action pattern. Journal of Neurobiology. 4, 255-285.
• EXPLANITORY NOTES

• PDF Dorsett DA, Willows AOD, Hoyle G (1973) The neuronal basis of behavior in Tritonia. IV. The central origin of a fixed action pattern demonstrated in the isolated brain. Journal of Neurobiology 4, 287-300.

• PDF Getting PA (1981) Mechanisms of pattern generation underlying swimming in Tritonia. I. Neuronal netork formed by monosynaptic connections. Journal of Neurophysiology 46, 65-79. [escape CPG in Tritonia]

• PDF Katz PS, PA Getting & WN Frost (1994) Dynamic neuromodulation of synaptic strength intrinsic to a central pattern generator circuit. Nature 367, 729-731. [re-evaluation of circuit in the Tritonia. III paper above and CPG, serotonergic modulation]

• PDF Fickbohm DJ, Spitzer N, Katz PS (2005) Pharmacological manipulation of serotonin levels in the nervous system of the opisthobranch mollusc Tritonia diomedea. Biological Bulliten 209, 67-74.

• PDF Sakurai A, Darghouth NR, Butera RJ, Katz PS (2006) Serotonergic enhancement of a 4-AP-sensitive current mediates the synaptic depression phase of spike timing-dependent neuromodulation. Journal of Neuroscience 26, 2010-2021.

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Clione: flying snails Clione limacina Gastropod Mollusc (Opistobranchia) Order: Gymnosomata    Family: Clionidae

MOVIE: Clione Swimming (from Friday Harbor Laboratory site)
Clione: EXPLANATORY NOTES
• PDF Satterlie RA, M LaBarbera & AN Spencer (1985) Swimming in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. I. Behaviour and morphology. Journal of Experimental Biology 116, 189-204. [Description of Anatomy and Behavior.]

• PDF Satterlie RA & AN Spencer (1985) Swimming in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. II. Physiology. Journal of Experimental Biology 116, 205-222. [Description of Neural Circuits underlying behavior.]

• PDF Satterlie RA (1985) Reciprocal inhibition and postinhibitory rebound produce reverberation in a locomotor pattern generator. Science 229, 402-404. [Identification of reciprocally inhibitory neurons in motor circuit: Clione's CPG.]

• PDF Archavsky YI, GN Oriovsky, YV Panchin, A Roberts & SR Soffe (1993) Neuronal control of swimming locomotion: analysis of the pteropod mollusc Clione and embryos of the amphibian Xenopus. Trends in Neuroscience 6, 227-233. [Comparison of invertebrate and vertebrate CPGs.]

• PDF Satterlie RA, Norekian TP (1996) Modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc, Clione limacina: role of a compartmental serotonergic system. Invertebrate Neuroscience 2, 157-165. [Review of serotonergic modulation of swimming speed.]

• PDF Satterlie RA (2001) Swimming in Opisthobranch Mollusks: contributions to control of motor behavior: Introduction to the Symposium. American Zoologist 41, 939-942. [Introduction to a symposium focusing on swimming molluscs, including Tritonia and Clione.]

• PDF Norekian TP, Satterlie RA (2001) Serotonergic neural system not only activates swimming but also inhibits competing neural centers in a pteropod mollusc. American Zoologist 41, 993-1000. [Overview of serotenergic aspects of Clione behavior, presented in symposium.]

• PDF Satterlie RA, Norekian TP (2001) Mechanisms of locomotory speed change: The Pteropod Solution. American Zoologist 41, 1001-1008. [A recent overview of the CPG circuit underlying Clione swimming behavior.]

  Additional Literature re. Clione

• Arshavsky Yu I, Beloozerova IN, Orlovsky GN, Panchin Yu V, Pavlova GA (1985a). Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina. I. Efferent activity during actual and fictitious swimming. Expimental Brain Research 58, 255?262.

• Arshavsky Yu I, Beloozerova IN, Orlovsky GN, Panchin Yu V, Pavlova GA (1985b). Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina. II. Rhythmic neurons of pedal ganglia. Expimental Brain Research 58, 263?272.

• Arshavsky Yu I, Beloozerova IN, Orlovsky GN, Panchin Yu V, Pavlova GA (1985c). Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina. III. On the origin of locomotory rhythm. Expimental Brain Research 58, 273?284.

• Arshavsky Yu I, Beloozerova IN, Orlovsky GN, Panchin Yu V, Pavlova GA (1985d). Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina. IV. Role of type 12 interneurons. Expimental Brain Research 58, 285?293.

• Satterlie RA (1989). Reciprocal inhibition and rhythmicity: Swimming in a pteropod mollusc. In Neuronal and Cellular Oscillators (ed. J. W. Jacklet), pp. 151?171. New York: Dekker.

• Satterlie RA, Gslow GE, Reyes A (1990). Two types of striated muscle suggest twogeared swimming in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. Journal of Experimental Zoology 255, 131?140.

• Satterlie RA (1991a). Electrophysiology of swim musculature in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. Journal of Experimental Biology 159, 285?301.

• Satterlie RA (1991b). Neural control of speed changes in an opisthobranch locomotory system. Biological Bulletin 180, 228?233.

• Norekian TP, Satterlie RA. (1993) Cerebral neurons underlying prey capture movements in the pteropod mollusc, Clione limacina. I. Physiology, morphology. Journal of Comparative Physiology [A]. 172, 153-169.

• Satterlie RA. (1993) Neuromuscular organization in the swimming system of the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. Journal of Experimental Biology 181, 119-140.

• Norekyan TP, Satterlie R (1993) Neuronal analysis of hunting behavior of the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 23, 11-23.

• Norekian TP, Satterlie RA. (1993) Small cardioactive peptide B increases the responsiveness of the neural system underlying prey capture reactions in the pteropod mollusc, Clione limacina. Journal of Experimental Zoology 270, 136-147.

• Satterlie RA, Norekian TP, Jordan S, Kazilek CJ. (1995) Serotonergic modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. I. Serotonin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and wings. Journal of Experimental Biology 198, 895-904.

• Satterlie RA. (1995) Serotonergic modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. II. Peripheral modulatory neurons. Journal of Experimental Biology 198, 905-916.

• Satterlie RA, Norekian TP. (1995) Serotonergic modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. III. Cerebral neurons. Journal of Experimental Biology 198, 917-930.

• Norekian TP, Satterlie RA. (1996) Whole body withdrawal circuit and its involvement in the behavioral hierarchy of the mollusk Clione limacina. Journal of Neurophysiology 75, 529-537.

• Norekian TP, Satterlie RA. (1996) Cerebral serotonergic neurons reciprocally modulate swim and withdrawal neural networks in the mollusk Clione limacina. Journal of Neurophysiology 75, 38-46.

• Satterlie RA, Norekian TP, Robertson KJ. (1997) Startle phase of escape swimming is controlled by pedal motoneurons in the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina. Journal of Neurophysiology 77, 272-280.

• Norekian TP, Satterlie RA. (1997) Cholinergic activation of startle motoneurons by a pair of cerebral interneurons in the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina. Journal of Neurophysiology 77, 281-288.

• Norekian TP, Satterlie RA. (1997) Distribution of myomodulin-like and buccalin-like immunoreactivities in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of the mollusc, Clione limacina. Journal of Comparative Neurology 381, 41-52.

• Satterlie RA, Norekian TP. (1996) Modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc, Clione limacina: role of a compartmental serotonergic system. Invertebrate Neuroscience 2, 157-165. Review.

• Satterlie RA, Norekian TP, Pirtle TJ. (2000) Serotonin-induced spike narrowing in a locomotor pattern generator permits increases in cycle frequency during accelerations. Journal of Neurophysiology 83, 2163-2170.

• Moroz LL, Norekian TP, Pirtle TJ, Robertson KJ, Satterlie RA. (2000) Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase reactivity and effects of nitric oxide on feeding and locomotory circuitry in the pteropod mollusc, Clione limacina. Journal of Comparative Neurology 427, 274-284.

• Levi R, Varona P, Arshavsky YI, Rabinovich MI, Selverston AI. (2004) Dual sensory-motor function for a molluskan statocyst network. J Neurophysiol. 91, 336-345.

• Levi R, Varona P, Arshavsky YI, Rabinovich MI, Selverston AI (2005) The role of sensory network dynamics in generating a motor program. J Neurosci. 25, 9807-9815.

• Norekyan TP, Nikitin ES, Bravarenko NI, Malyshev AY, Balaban PM (2003). Phase-dependent coordination of two motor programs in the buccal ganglion of a pteropod mollusk. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 33, 107-111.

• Malyshev AY, Norekian TP (2002) Phase-locked coordination between two rhythmically active feeding structures in the mollusk Clione limacina. I. Motor neurons. J Neurophysiol. 87, 2996-3005.

• Norekian TP, Malyshev AY (2005) Coordinated excitatory effect of GABAergic interneurons on three feeding motor programs in the mollusk Clione limacina. J Neurophysiol. 93, 305-315.

• Norekian TP, Malyshev AY. (2006) Neural mechanisms underlying co-activation of functionally antagonistic motoneurons during a clione feeding behavior. J Neurophysiol. 95, 2560-2569.

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Stomatogastric Ganglion (Crustacea): Two CPGs, 30 Neurons Panulirus interruptus, Spiny Lobster Arthropoda, Crustacea (Decopod)

• WEB RESOURCES:
  
  • Web Site Describing the Stomatogastric Ganglion Activities, with links to other labs and resources (Dan Hartline)
  • Movies of Movement of Gastric Teeth

• PDF Yonge CM (1923) Studies on the comparative physiology of digestion. II. The mechanisms of feeding, digestion, and assimilation in Nephrops norvegicus. Journal of Experimental Biology 1, 343-389. [Basic anatomy of crustacean digestive system.]

• PDF Mulloney B & AI Selverston (1974) Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. I. Neurons driving the lateral teeth. Journal of Comparative Physiology 91, 1-32. [This and subsequent papers describe the physiological interconnections between neurons of the STG.]

• PDF Selverston AI & B Mulloney (1974) Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. II. Neurons driving the medial tooth. Journal of Comparative Physiology 91, 33-51.

• PDF Mulloney B & AI Selverston (1974) Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. III. Coordination of the two subsets of the gastric system. Journal of Comparative Physiology 91, 53-78.

• PDF Maynard DM & AI Selverston (1975) Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. IV. The pyloric system. Journal of Comparative Physiology 100, 161-182.

• PDF Mulloney B (1977) Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. V. Coordination of the gastric and pyloric systems. Journal of Comparative Physiology 122, 227-240.

• PDF King DG (1976) Organization of crustacean neuropil. I. Patterns of synaptic connections in lobster stomatogastric ganglion. Journal of Neurocytology 5, 207-237. [(LARGE FILE) This and the following are exceptional anatomical descriptions of synaptic interconnectivness of the STG ? synaptic communication without axons.]

• PDF King DG (1976) Organization of crustacean neuropil. II. Distribution of synaptic contacts on identified motor neurons in lobster stomatogastric ganglion. Journal of Neurocytology 5, 239-266. [(LARGE FILE)]

  Additional Literature re. the Stomatogastric Ganglion

• Marder E & JS Eisen (1984) Transmitter identification of pyloric neurons: electrically coupled neurons use different transmitters. J. Neurophysiology 51, 1345-1361.

• Nusbaum MP & E Marder (1989) A modulatory proctolin-containing neuron (MPN). I. Identification and characterization. J. Neurosci. 9, 1591-1599.

• Nusbaum MP & E Marder (1989) A modulatory proctolin-containing neuron (MPN). II. State-dependent modulation of rhythmic motor activity. J. Neurosci. 9, 1600-1607.

• Harris-Warrick RM & E Marder (1991) Modulation of neural networks for behavior. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 39-57.

• Heinzel, H-G, JM Weimann & E Marder (1993) The behavioral repertoire of the gastric mill in the crab, Cancer pagurus: an in situ endoscopic and electrophysiological examination. J. Neurosci. 13, 1793-1803.

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Locust Flight Locusta migratoria, Shistocerca gregaria Arthropoda, Insecta (Orthopteroid)

• PDF Weis-Fogh T (1949) An aerodynamic sense organ stimulating and regulating flight in locusts. Nature 164, 873-874.

• PDF Wilson DM (1961) The central nervous control of flight in a locust. Journal of Experimental Biology 38, 471-490.
  [significant demonstration of the existance of Central Pattern Generators]
  
• EXPLANITORY NOTES

• PDF Goodman LJ (1965) The role of certain optomotor reactions in regulating stability in the rolling plane during flight in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Experimental Biology 42, 385-407.

• PDF Camhi JM (1969) Locust wind receptors. I. Tranducer mechanisms and sensory response. Journal of Experimental Biology 50, 335-348.

• PDF Bacon J & M Tyrer (1978) The tritocerebral commissure giant (TCG): a bimocal interneurone in the locust, ScSchistocerca gregaria. Journal of Comparative Physiology 126, 317-325.

• PDF Bacon J & B Mohl (1983a) The tritocerebral commissure giant (TCG) wind-sensitive interneurone in the locust. I. Its activity in straight flight. Journal of Comparative Physiology 150, 439-452.

• PDF Bacon J & B Mohl (1983a) The tritocerebral commissure giant (TCG) wind-sensitive interneurone in the locust. II. Directional sensitivity and role in flight stabilisation. Journal of Comparative Physiology 150, 453-465.

• PDF Baker PS (1979) Flying locust visual responses in a radial wind tunnel. Journal of Comparative Physiology 131, 39-47.

• PDF Baker PS (1979) The wing movements of flying locusts during steering behavior. Journal of Comparative Physiology 131, 49-58.

• PDF Baker PS (1979) The role of forewing muscles in the control of direction in flying locusts. Journal of Comparative Physiology 131, 59-66.

• PDF Cooter RJ (1979) Visually induced yaw movements in the flying locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.). Journal of Comparative Physiology 131, 67-78.

• PDF Baker PS & RJ Cooter (1979) The natural flight of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria L. I. Wing movements. Journal of Comparative Physiology 131, 79-87.

• PDF Baker PS & RJ Cooter (1979) The natural flight of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria L. II. Gliding. Journal of Comparative Physiology 131, 89-94.

• PDF Zarnack W & B Mohl (1977) Activity of the direct downstoke flight muscles of Locusta migratoria (L.) during steering behavior in flight. I. Patterns of time shift. Journal of Comparative Physiology 118, 215-233.

• PDF Mohl B & W Zarnack (1977) Activity of the direct downstoke flight muscles of Locusta migratoria (L.) during steering behavior in flight. II. Dynamics of the time shift and changes in the burst length. Journal of Comparative Physiology 118, 235-247.

  Locust flight motor:

• PDF Bentley DB (1970) A topological map of the locust flight system motor neurons. Journal of Insect Physiology 16, 905-918.

• PDF Hoyle G & M Burrows (1973) Neural mechanisms underlying behavior in the locust Schistocerca gregaria. I. Physiology of identified motoneurons in the metathoracic ganglion. Journal of Neurobiology 4, 3-41. (great drawing of preparation).

• PDF Hoyle G & M Burrows (1973) Neural mechanisms underlying behavior in the locust Schistocerca gregaria. I. Integrative activity in metathoracic neurons. Journal of Neurobiology 4, 43-67.

• PDF Burrows M & G Hoyle (1973) Neural mechanisms underlying behavior in the locust Schistocerca gregaria. III. Topography of limb motorneurons in the metathoracic ganglion. Journal of Neurobiology 4, 167-186.

• PDF Burrows M (1975) Monosynaptic connexions between wing stretch receptors and flight motoneurons of the locust. Journal of Experimental Biology 62, 189-219.

• PDF Pearson KG, DN Reye & RM Robertson (1983) Phase-dependent influences of wing stretch receptors on flight rhythm in the locust. Journal of Neurophysiology 49, 1168-1181.

• PDF Robertson RM & KG Pearson (1985) Neural circuits in the flight system of the locust. Journal of Neurophysiology 53, 110-128.

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Lamprey Swimming: Vertebrate CPGs Locusta migratoria, Shistocerca gregaria Arthropoda, Insecta (Orthopteroid)

• Grillner S, P Wallen, L Brodin & A Lansner (1991) Neuronal network generating locomotor behavior in lamprey: circuitry, transmitters, membrane properties, and simulation. Annual Review of Neuroscience 14, 169-199.

• Ohta Y & S Grillner (1989) Monosynaptic excitatory amino acid transmission from the posterior rhombencephalic reticular nucleus to spinal neurons involved in the control of locomotion in lamprey. Journal of Neurophysiology 62, 1079-1089.

• Wallen P, JT Muchanan, S Grillner, RH Hill, J Christenson & T Hokfelt (1989) Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the afterhyperpolarization spike frequency regulation, and oscillatory membrane properties in lamprey spinal cord neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 61, 759-768.

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Neuronal Plasticity: Learning and Memory Aplysia Gill Withdrawl, Mammalian Hippocampus Aplysia: Gastropod Mollusc (Opistobranchia) Order: Anaspidea Family: Aplysiidae Mammal: Vertebrata

• Siegelbaum SA, F Belardetti, JS Camardo & MJ Shuster (1986) Modulation of the serotonin-sensitive potassium channel in Aplysia sensory neurone cell body and growth cone. Journal of Experimental Biology 124, 287-306.
  [phosphorylation of K+ channels: inactivation]

• Bailey CH & M Chen (1988) Morphological basis of short-term habituation in Aplysia. Journal of Neuroscience 8, 2452-2459.
  [Habituation caused by depletion of synaptic vesicles]

• Rayport SG & S Schacher (1986) Synaptic plasticity in vitro: cell culture of identified Aplysia neurons mediating short-term habituation and sensitization. Journal of Neuroscience 6, 759-763.
  [first demonstration of a behaviorally meaningful circuit in culture]

• Schacher S, D Glanzman, A Barsilai, P Dash, SGN Grant, F Keller, M Mayford & ER Kandel (1990) Long-term facilitation in Aplysia: persistent phosphorylation and structural changes. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium of Quantative Biology 55, 187-202.
  [changes in gene regulation and synaptic morphology]

• Bailey CH & M Chen (1989) Structural plasticity at identified synapses during long-term memory in Aplysia. Journal of Neurobiology 20, 356-372.
  [increases and decreases in synaptic connections]

• Zecevicj D, J-Y Wu, LB Cohen, JA London, H-P Hopp & CX Falk (1989) Hundreds of neurons in the Aplysia abdominal ganglion are active during the gill-withdrawal reflex. Journal of Neuroscience 9, 3681-3689.

  Other Aplysia papers.

• Coggeshall RE (1967) A light and electron microscope study of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica. Journal of Neurophysiology 30, 1263-1287.

• Frazier WT, ER Kandel, I Kupfermann, R Waziri & RE Coggeshall (1967) Morphological and functional properties of identified neurons in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica. Journal of Neurophysiology 30, 1288-1351.

• Kandel ER, WT Frazier, R Waziri & RE Coggeshall (1967) Direct and common connections among identified neurons in Aplysia. Journal of Neurophysiology 30, 1352-1376.

• Cook DG & TJ Carew (1989) Operant conditioning of head-waving in Aplysia. I. Identified muscles involved in the operant response. Journal of Neuroscience 9, 3097-3106.

• Cook DG & TJ Carew (1989) Operant conditioning of head-waving in Aplysia. II. Contingent modification of electromyographic activity in identified muscles. Journal of Neuroscience 9, 3107-3114.

• Cook DG & TJ Carew (1989) Operant conditioning of head-waving in Aplysia. III. Cellular analysis of possible reinforcement pathways. Journal of Neuroscience 9, 3115-3122.

  Hippocampal LTP (and LTD).

• Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA (2001) From Neuron to Brain, 4th ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland Massachusetts.
  [Chapters 12 ? hippocampus & LTP]

• Churchland PS & TJ Sejnowski (1992) The Computational Brain. MIT Press, Cambridge.

• Hebb DO (1949) The organization of behavior. A neuropsychological theory. Wiley, NY.
  [the Hebb of "Hebbian Synapses" ? predicting postsynaptic modulation of presynaptic neurons]

• Bliss TVP & T Lorno (1973) Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaewthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. Journal of Physiology 232, 331-356.

• Morris RGM (1989) Synaptic plasticity and learning: selective impariment of learning in rats and blockade of long-term potentiation in vivo by the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antagonist AP5. Journal of Neuroscience 9, 3040-3057.

• Bliss TVP & GL Collingridge (1993) A synaptic model of memory: lont-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 361, 31-39.

• Linden DJ (1994) Long-term synaptic depression in the mammalian brain. Neuron 12, 457-472.